More info about Austria

B&B's in Salzburg:
Am Moos
Pension Jahn
This is where I stayed, owned by a Taiwanese family, they were really helpful in planning our day and pointing us in the right direction.  While the hostel is a bit far from the main area of Salzburg, it is close enough to walk.  Breakfast is included as well.

 

Hostels in Wien:
Wombat's
I would highly recommend "the Lounge" over "the Base".  I stayed in both as the Lounge one was booked up.  The Base was in a older building and was really far away from the main street.  At night it was a bit sketchy trying to get to the hostel.  They also have hostels in other cities, but I didn't try them.
Homestay
My travel partner and I had originally wanted to stay here the duration of our visit to Wien, but they were booked.  Essentially its a room in their apartment, but everything was really clean and affordable.  I stayed there one night by myself for 25euro - I had the whole room to myself and didn't have to pay for the other (lack of) occupants.  If I go back to Wien for an extended stay I would probably stay here again.   While they speak English, knowing Mandarin is helpful.

 

Wien Info:
Wien Tourism Info
Wien Metro

When I was in Wien I opted for the Vienna card.  While the savings with the card weren't that great, I more than made up for the cost of the card by traveling on their public transportation.  I got it in the airport and started using it right away.  The card is valid for 3 days.

In Salzburg, there is a similar card, but we didn't get it.  It was more expensive than the Vienna one and didn't offer as many perks.  Also, I was only there for day...

For train travel their site is useful for planning and comes complete with an English version (although slightly aggravating at times when it switches back to Germany suddenly).  Because the two hostels I stayed at in Wien were close to a train station, I bought my tickets in person at the station (both to Salzburg and to Prague).